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Resumen Introducción: a más de dos décadas de la introducción del concepto de salud intercultural en América Latina, su definición no está clara, pues ha adquirido diferentes significados dependiendo de su uso. Existen tensiones entre la tendencia a reducir la salud intercultural a la conciliación entre la biomedicina y la medicina indígena, y una perspectiva crítica que hace visible las inequidades entre ambas. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo comprender el concepto de salud intercultural, desde la visión de dos comunidades mapuche que han implementado programas de salud intercultural y que mantienen acciones de reivindicación de derechos indígenas. Desarrollo: se realizo un estudio cualitativo. Los datos se recogieron mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas a usuarios mapuche, profesionales de salud, facilitadores interculturales e informantes clave de las comunas de Canete y Tirúa. Esta información se analizó mediante un análisis temático. Los hallazgos acerca de la visión de la salud intercultural se agruparon en cuatro temas: atender las necesidades de salud más urgentes de la comunidad; respetar al usuario y su cultura; respetar el sistema de salud indígena; y respetar los derechos colectivos del pueblo mapuche. Conclusiones: la salud intercultural se considera un enfoque que debe asegurar la atención de calidad, la participación de la comunidad y el respeto a la salud tradicional. En esta, los derechos de los pueblos indígenas son la piedra angular. En un contexto marcado por la inequidad y la discriminación hacia los pueblos indígenas, la complementariedad entre sistemas médicos no es un tema prioritario.
Abstract Introduction: More than two decades after the introduction of the concept intercultural health in Latin America, its definition is not clear, as it has acquired different meanings depending on its use. There are tensions between the tendency to reduce intercultural health to the conciliation between biomedicine and indigenous medicine, and a critical perspective that makes visible the inequalities between the two. The aim of this study was to understand the concept of intercultural health from the perspec tive of two Mapuche communities that have implemented intercultural health programs that maintain actions to claim indigenous rights. Content: This is a qualitative study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with Mapuche users, health professionals, intercultural facilitators, and key informants in the cities of Canete and Tirúa. This information was analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings on the vision of intercultural health were grouped into four themes: addressing the most urgent health needs of the community, respecting the user and their culture, respecting the indigenous health system, and respecting the collective rights of the Mapuche people. Conclusions: Intercultural health is seen as an approach that must ensure quality care, community participation, and respect for traditional health, in which the rights of indigenous peoples are the cornerstone. In a context marked by inequality and discrimination against indigenous peoples, complementarity between medical systems is not a priority issue.
Resumo Introdução: depois de mais de duas décadas da introdução do conceito de saúde intercultural na América Latina, sua definição não está clara, pois têm adquirido diferentes significados dependendo de seu uso. Existem tensões entre a tendência a reduzir a saúde intercultural à conciliação entre a biomedicina e a medicina indígena, e uma perspectiva crítica que faz visível as inquietudes entre ambas as duas. Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender o conceito de saúde intercultural, desde a visão de duas comunida des mapuche que têm implementado programas de saúde intercultural e que mantém ações de reivindi cação de direitos indígenas. Desenvolvimento: se realizou um estudo qualitativo. Os dados se recolheram através de entrevistas semiestruturadas a usuários mapuche, profissionais de saúde, facilitadores inter-culturais e informantes chave das comunas de Canete e Tirúa. Esta informação foi analisada através de análise temática. Os resultados acerca da visão da saúde intercultural agruparam-se em quatro temas: atender as necessidades de saúde mais urgentes da comunidade, respeitar ao usuário e sua cultura, res peitar o sistema de saúde indígena e respeitar os direitos coletivos do povo mapuche. Conclusões: a saúde intercultural é vista como um enfoque que deve assegurar a atenção de qualidade, a participação da comunidade e o respeito à saúde tradicional, onde os direitos dos povos indígenas são a pedra angular. Em um contexto marado pela inequidade e a discriminação para os povos indígenas, a complementariedade entre sistemas médicos não é um tema prioritário.
Subject(s)
Humans , Culturally Competent Care , Health of Indigenous Peoples , Health Policy , Human RightsABSTRACT
Abstract Data Centers are growing steadily worldwide, and they are expected to continue growing up to 53% in 2020. Energy efficiency, in high power consumption, is a key venue. There are methodologies to measure this efficiency, one example is using the PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) index. In this paper is proposed a new index for measuring efficiency at the design stage, the EUED (Energy Usage Effectiveness Design). This index allows to evaluate systems using "free cooling" and adiabatic system. A comparison is performed considering the equipment in the worst situation. The thermodynamics parameter enthalpy is used to calculate the results. This new methodology allows to determine differences between the cities of São Paulo and Curitiba (1.21%) and between Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba (10.61%). The values for the EUED index were 1.245 kW/kW for Curitiba, 1.260 kW/kW for São Paulo and 1.377 kW/kW for Rio de Janeiro, respectively, reaching a difference of 16.86% for Curitiba, 16.19% for São Paulo and 10.31% for Rio de Janeiro in relation to PUE COA (Power Usage Effectiveness Constant Outdoor Air). The advantage of the EUED is that it works with the 8,760 hours in the design phase, using psychometric elements to determine when to use free cooling and evaporative system, and more importantly varying the COP according to environmental characteristics.
Subject(s)
Efficiency , Energy Consumption , Hot Temperature , ThermodynamicsABSTRACT
To study the biological characteristics and mutations of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolated from one case of pneumonia of unknown etiology (PUE),which would provide references for clinical treatment and disease control,the throat swab specimen from the PUE case was isolated in the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells,and then the antigenicity,pathogenicity and drug resistance of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus were analyzed after sequencing.As a result,one influenza virus strain was isolated from the specimen and named as A/FujianGulou/SWL64/2016(H1N1).The similarities of nucleotide sequences and amino acids sequences compared with the vaccine strain A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) were 96.9％-98.9％ and 96.7％-99.5％,respectively.Eighteen amino acids had mutated in the HA and 4 mutations,K163Q,S185T,S203T and D222N,were involved in 3 different epitopes,which indicated that the antigenic drift had occurred in the influenza virus.The D222N mutation associated with receptor binding site made the virus infect lower respiratory tract more easily.The virus was still amantadine-resistance and oseltamivir-sensitive.In conclusion,the influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus in this study have occurred antigenic drift and has the molecular characterization of causing severe pneumonia,so further surveillance should be performed to prevent and control the influenza epidemic.
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Objective: To optimize the synthesis of PEGylated puerarin (PEG-PUE) by orthogonal test with multi-index evaluation. Methods: The research has focused on the optimized interacting factors of the synthetic process of PEG-PUE by HPLC, such as ratio of PEG and PUE, catalyst DMAP dosage, and reaction time, using the purity, drug loading, and yield of PEG-PUE as evaluation indexes. Results: The optimum synthesis conditions of PEG-PUE were as follows, PEG-EDC-PUE-DMAP (1 : 1.2 : 1.2 : 0.3) and reaction time 12 h. Conclusion: The optimum synthesis condition of PEG-PUE is reasonable, as well as feasible.
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Objective: To study the formulation of puerarin (PUE) self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS). Methods: The optimum formulation of PUE SMEDDS was screened by test of solubility, compatibility of oil and surfactant, and pseudo-ternary phase diagram, and the prescription of PUE SMEDDS was optimized by particle size, self-microemulsifying time, and drug loading; The physicochemical characteristics and stability were also determined. Results: The optimum SMEDDS composed of Miglyol 812N (19.0%), oleic acid (19.0%), polysorbate 80 (19.0%), EL-35 (19.0%), 1, 2-propanediol (19.0%), and puerarin (5.0%). The particle size was (17.28 ± 0.24) nm, and self- microemulsifying time was less than 120 s; The appearance, content of PUE, particle size, and self-microemulsifying time had no obvious changes under room temperature storage for six months. Conclusion: The acquired PUE SMEDDS is stable with small particle size, which meets the needs of good SMEDDS formulation.
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Object To investigate the effect of puerarin (Pue) on renal protein kinase C (PKC) activity, kidney structure and function in diabetic rats. Methods STZ-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into five groups: Diabetic rats model group (DM), Pue (500, 250, 125 mg/kg) treatment group, and VitE group, in addition, normal rats for control group. All rats were given by ig for 12 weeks. Kidney function and kidney index were determined; The PKC activity was measured by ELISA. The excretion of microalbuminuria (MAU) was measured by radio-immunoassay, and kidney tissue was observed by light-microscope and transmission electron microscope. Results The excretion of MAU, kidney index (kidney weight/body weight) and PKC activity in diabetic rats were significantly increased. The excretion of MAU, and PKC activity were markedly decreased in Pue treatment group, and kidney pathologic changes of diabetic rats in Pue treatment group were improved. Conclusion Pue can ameliorate early kidney hy-perdynamic abnormality in diabetic rats, possess protective effect on kidney of diabetic rats, whose mechanism may be associated partly with a down-regulation of PKC activity.